<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0044-4510</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-641X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Academy of Science</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S0044451023040120</article-id><title-group><article-title>Vortices on the Free Surface of a Normal Helium He-I Layer in a Wide Cell</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вихри на свободной поверхности слоя нормального гелия He-I в широкой ячейке</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid"></contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Levchenko</surname><given-names>A. A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Левченко</surname><given-names>А. А </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>levchenko_a_a_noemail@ras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid"></contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mezhov-deglin</surname><given-names>L. P</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Межов-деглин</surname><given-names>Л. П </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>mezhov-deglin_l_p_noemail@ras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid"></contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pel&amp;apos;menev</surname><given-names>A. A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пельменёв</surname><given-names>А. А </given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>pel&amp;apos;menev_a_a_noemail@ras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики твердого тела имени Ю.А. Осипьяна Российской академии наук;Институт теоретической физики им. Л.Д. Ландау Российской академии наук</institution><institution xml:lang="en">Authors and Affiliations Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru"></institution><institution xml:lang="en"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики твердого тела имени Ю.А. Осипьяна Российской академии наук; Институт теоретической физики им. Л.Д. Ландау Российской академии наук</institution><institution xml:lang="en">Authors and Affiliations Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики твердого тела имени Ю.А. Осипьяна Российской академии наук;Институт теоретической физики им. Л.Д. Ландау Российской академии наук;Филиал Федерального исследовательского центра химической физики им. Н.Н. Семенова Российской академии наук в </institution><institution xml:lang="en">Authors and Affiliations Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences; Chernogolovka Branch, Semenov Federal Research Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sc</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-04-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>163</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>545</fpage><lpage>560</lpage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The appearance of a thermogravitational convective flow in the bulk of a layer of normal liquid helium He-I h ≈ 1–3 cm deep in a wide cylindrical cell, which is heated from above in the gravity field in the temperature range Tλ ≤ T ≤ Tm, is accompanied by the excitation of a vortex flow on the free surface of the liquid. Here Tλ = 2.1768 K is the temperature of transition of liquid 4He from the superfluid He-II to the normal He-I state at the saturated vapor pressure, and Tm ≈ 2.183 K is the temperature at which the He-I density passes through a maximum. Bulk convection serves as a source of energy pumped into the vortex system on the surface of He-I. The nonlinear interaction of vortices on the surface with each other and with convective vortex flows in the bulk of the layer leads to the formation of two large-scale vortices (vortex dipole) on the surface of He-I, and their sizes are limited to the diameter of the working cell and several times exceed the layer depth. This behavior corresponds to the transition from the vortex flow mode on “deep water” (vortices on the surface of a three-dimensional liquid layer) to vortices on the surface of “shallow water” (vortices on the surface of a two-dimensional layer) in time. When the layer is heated further above Tm, the convective flows in the bulk decay quickly, but the vortex motion on the surface of a two-dimensional He-I layer is retained. In the absence of energy pumping from the bulk, the total energy of the vortex system on the surface of a shallow water layer decreases in time according to a near-power law because of the nonlinear interaction of large-scale vortices with each other and friction against the cell walls. As a result, during long-term observations, small-scale vortices with sizes comparable to or less than the layer depth again begin to prevail on the surface of He-I, which corresponds to the transition from a two-dimensional to a three-dimensional liquid layer. The energy of the vortex flow on the surface of a deep water layer decreases according to a near-exponential law. Thus, long-term observations of the dynamic phenomena on the free surface of an He-I layer several centimeters deep in a wide temperature range above Tλ allowed us, for the first time, to study the excitation, evolution, and decay of the vortex flows on the surface of a deep or shallow water layer in one experiment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Возникновение термогравитационного конвективного течения в объеме слоя нормального жидкого гелия He-I глубиной h ≈ (1 - 3) см в широкой цилиндрической ячейке, который подогревают сверху в поле силы тяжести в интервале температур Tλ ≤ T ≤ Tm, сопровождается возбуждением вихревого течения на свободной поверхности жидкости. Здесь Tλ = 2.1768 К - температура перехода жидкого 4He из сверхтекучего He-II в нормальное He-I состояние при давлении насыщенных паров, Tm ≈ 2.183 К - температура, при которой плотность He-I проходит через максимум. Конвекция в объеме служит источником энергии, накачиваемой в вихревую систему на поверхности He-I. Нелинейное взаимодействие вихрей наповерхности между собой и с конвективными вихревыми течениями в объеме слоя приводит к формированию на поверхности He-I двух крупномасштабных вихрей (вихревого диполя), размеры которых ограничиваются диаметром рабочей ячейки и в несколько раз превосходят глубину слоя. Это соответствует переходу со временем от режима вихревого течения на «глубокой воде» (вихри на поверхности трехмерного слоя жидкости) к вихрям на поверхности «мелкой воды» (вихри на поверхности двумерного слоя). При дальнейшем подогреве слоя выше Tm конвективные потоки в объеме быстро затухают, однако вихревое движение на поверхности двумерного слоя He-I сохраняется. В отсутствие накачки энергии из объема полная энергия вихревой системы на поверхности слоя «мелкой воды» со временем затухает по закону, близкому к степенному, вследствие нелинейного взаимодействия крупномасштабных вихрей между собой и трения о стенки ячейки. В результате, при длительных наблюдениях, на поверхности He-I вновь начинают преобладать мелкомасштабные вихри, размеры которых сравнимы или меньше глубины слоя, что соответствует переходу от двумерного к трехмерному слою жидкости. Энергия вихревого течения на поверхности слоя «глубокой воды» затухает по закону, близкому к экспоненциальному. Таким образом, длительные наблюдения за динамическими явлениями на свободной поверхности слоя He-I глубиной порядка нескольких сантиметров в широком интервале температур выше Tλ позволили впервые в одном эксперименте изучать возбуждение, эволюцию и затухание вихревых течений на поверхности слоя«глубокой» и «мелкой воды».</p></trans-abstract></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>B1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А. А. Пельменев, А. А. Левченко, Л. П. Межов-Деглин,·Письма в ЖЭТФ 110, 545 (2019)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>B2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. A. Pel&amp;apos;menev, A. A. Levchenko, and L. P. Mezhov-Deglin, JETP Lett. 110, 551 (2019); doi: 10.1134/S0370274X19200062.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>B3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A.A. Pelmenev, A. A. Levchenko, and L. P. Mezhov-Deglin, Low Temp. Phys. 46, 133 (2020); doi: 10.1063/10.0000531</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>B4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. A. Pelmenev, A. A. Levchenko, and L. P. Mezhov-Deglin, J. of Low Temp. Phys. 205, 200 (2021); doi: 10.1007/S10909-021-02632-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>B5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. A. Pelmenev, A. A. Levchenko, and L. P. Mezhov-Deglin, Materials 14, 7514 (2021); doi: 10.3390/ma14247514.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>B6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. J. Donnelly and C. F. Barenghi, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27, 1217 (1998); doi: 10.1063/1.556028</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>B7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Л. Д. Ландау, Е. М. Лифшиц, Теоретическая Физика, том VI, Гидродинамика, Москва, Физматлит (2017)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>B8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Course of Theoretical Physics, Fluid Mechanics, Pergamon: New York, NY, USA, Vol. 6 (1987).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>B9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А. В. Гетлинг, Конвекция Рэлея-Бенара. Структуры и динамика, Едиториал УРСС URSS, (1999), 248 ISBN 5-8360-0011-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>B10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. V. Getling, Rayleigh-Benard Convection. Structures and Dynamics, Advanced Series in Nonlinear Dynamics, World Scienti c, (1998), Vol. 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>B11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">G. Ahlers, S. Grossmann, and D. Lohse, Rev. Mod. Phys., 81, 503 (2009); doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.81.503.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>B12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">F. Chilla and J Schumacher, Eur. Phys. J. E 35, 58 (2012).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>B13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">P. E. Roche, J. New, Phys. 22, 073056 (2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>B14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. Moller, C. Resagk, and C. Cierpka, Exp. Fluids 62, 1 (2021); doi: 10.1017/jfm.2021.619.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>B15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ping Wei, J. Fluid Mech. 924, A28 (2021); doi: 10.1017/jfm.2021.619.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>B16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">J. J. Niemela and R. J. Donnelly, J. Low Temp Phys 98, 1 (1995); doi: 10.1007/BF00754064.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>B17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Д. В. Любимов, Т. П. Любимова, A. A. Черепанов, Динамика поверхностей раздела, Физмалит, Москва (2003), c.216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>B18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. W. Walden and G. Ahlers, J. Fluid Mech. 109, 89 (1981); doi: 10.1017/S0022112081000955.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>B19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Sameen, R. Verzicco, and K. R. Sreenivasan, Phys. Scr. 132, 014053 (2008); doi: 10.1088/0031-8949/2008/T132/014053.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>B20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. Weiss, Xiaozhou He, G. Ahlers et al., J. Fluid Mech. 851, 374. (2018); doi: 10.1017/jfm.2018.507.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>B21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hiu Fai Yik, V. Valori, and S. Weiss, Phys. Rev. Fluids 5, 103502 (2020); doi: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.5.103502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>B22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">V. M. Parfenyev, S. V. Filatov, M. Yu. Brazhnikov et al., Phys. Rev. Fluids 4, 114701 (2019). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.4.114701.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>B23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. V. Filatov and A. A. Levchenko, J. of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques 14, 751 (2020); doi: 10.1134/s1027451020040072.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>B24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. Filatov, A. Levchenko, A. Likhter et al., Mater. Lett. 254, 444 (2019); doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2019.07.059.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>B25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">С. В. Филатов, А. А. Левченко, Л. П. Межов-Деглин, Письма в ЖЭТФ 111, 653 (2020); doi: 10.31857/S1234567820100031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>B26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S.V. Filatov, A.A. Levchenko, and L.P. Mezhov-Deglin, JETP Lett. 11, 549 (2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>B27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">А. А. Левченко, Л. П. Межов-Деглин, А. А. Пельменев, ПТЭ 6, 133 (2016); doi: 10.7868/S0032816216060264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>B28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. A. Levchenko, E. V. Lebedeva, L. P. Mezhov-Deglin et al., Low Temp. Phys. 45, 469 (2019); doi: 10.1063/1.5097354.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>B29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Е. В. Лебедева, А. М. Дюгаев, П. Д. Григорьев, ЖЭТФ, 161, 1 (2022); doi: 10.31857/S0044451022050157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>B30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">С. В. Филатов, А. А. Левченко, М. Ю. Бражников и др., ПТЭ 5 135 (2018); doi: 10.1134/S0020441218040188</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>B31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. V. Filatov, A. A. Levchenko, M. Yu. Brazhnikov et al., Instruments and Experimental Techniques, 61, 757 (2018); doi: 10.1134/S0032816218040201.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>B32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhen-Hua Wan, Ping Wei, R. Verzicco et al., J. Fluid Mech. 881, 218 (2019); doi: 10.1017/jfm.2019.770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>B33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">V.Srinivasan, U.Madanan, and R.J.Goldstein, Int. J. of Heat and Mass Transfer 182, 121965 (2022); doi: 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121965.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>B34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">P. Urban, P. Hanzelka, T. Kralik et al., Phys. Rev. E 99 011101(R) (2019); doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.99.011101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>B35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">В. П. Пешков, А. П. Боровиков, ЖЭТФ 50, 844 (1966)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>B36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">V.P. Peshkov, A. P. Borovikov, Sov. Phys. JETP 23, 559 (1966).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>B37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Л. П. Межов-Деглин, ЖЭТФ 71, 1453 (1976)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>B38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L.P. Mezhov-Deglin, Sov. Phys. JETP, 44, 761 (1976).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>B39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">B. Baudouy and A. Four, Cryogenics 60, 1 (2014).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>B40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M, Thielicke and E.J Stamhuis, J. of Open Research Software, http://openresearchsoftware.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/jors. doi: 10.5334/jors.bl.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B41"><label>B41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">J. J. Niemela and K. R. Sreenivasan, J. Low Temp. Phys. 143, 163 (2006); doi: 10.1007/s10909-006-9221- 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B42"><label>B42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Colombi, N. Rohde, M. Schuter et al., Fluids 7, 148 (2022). doi: 10.3390/ uids7050148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B43"><label>B43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">С. В. Филатов, Д. А. Храмов, А. А. Левченко, Письма в ЖЭТФ 106, 305 (2017); doi: 10.7868/S0370274X1717009X.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>